• GPR co localizes with ghrelin in the duodenum gustducin in

  2022-02-09

  

  GPR120 co-localizes with ghrelin in the duodenum [17], α-gustducin in the small intestine and type II taste bud cells 18, 19, neuropeptide Y centrally in the arcuate nucleus [20] and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in the colon and circumvallate papillae taste bud cells 6, 21, 22. Interestingly GPR1

• br GnRH receptor expression is altered within

  2022-02-09

  

  GnRH receptor expression is altered within GnRH neuronal cells Kisspeptin failed to stimulate GnRH expression in our line of GT1-7 cells. Instead, we have found that kisspeptin increased the expression of the GnRH receptor in these Clarithromycin (Sukhbaatar et al., 2013). Based on the results o

• The primary requirements of an ideal bioprobe

  2022-02-08

  

  The primary requirements of an ideal bioprobe for glucose transporter-mediated bioimaging include high specificity, sensitivity as well as low cytotoxicity [18]. According to these concepts, we recently reported the simple amide linked glycoconjugates which containing cyanine fluorophores (Cy3 and C

• br Acknowledgements br Introduction High intensity

  2022-02-08

  

  Acknowledgements Introduction High-intensity noise exposure has long been known to induce damage in the peripheral and central auditory system, often resulting in auditory pathologies such as hearing loss, tinnitus and hyperacusis (Syka, 2002; Roberts et al., 2010). Within the inner ear, struc

• br Conflicts of interests br Acknowledgements We thank Drs T

  2022-02-08

  

  Conflicts of interests Acknowledgements We thank Drs. T. Tomita and T. Iwatsubo (Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan) for anti-presenilin 1-CTF antiserum, Dr. A. Takashima (Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan) for anti-Pen-2 antiserum and the laboratory members for helpful comments and discussion. M

• All models used here rely on WT FGFR which is

  2022-02-08

  

  All models used here rely on WT FGFR3, which is activated by exogenous FGF ligand to alter chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. This approach toward modeling the aberrant FGFR signaling in cartilage differs from the actual situation in ACH or TD, where the chondrocytes are exposed to long-

• br Introduction The nature of chemotherapies

  2022-02-08

  

  Introduction The nature of chemotherapies is to relieve the tumor burden of the patients by eliminating cancer BPTES via inducing cell death, mostly regulated cell death represented by apoptosis [1,2]. Dozens of anticancer agents including clinically used ones kill cancer cells by promoting apopt

• br Introduction The term autophagy was coined

  2022-02-08

  

  Introduction The term “autophagy” was coined by Christian de Duve in 1963 to describe the process of removing and degrading intracellular components such as unused proteins and damaged organelles through lysosomes [1,2]. Autophagy has been divided into three main types, namely, macroautophagy, mi

• The other possibility for the lack

  2022-02-08

  

  The other possibility for the lack of effects of H1 receptor agonists, e.g. histamine, on the NMDAR-mediated responses is that other neurotransmitters may cause more profound effects than histamine on the gliotransmitter release from astrocytes. For example, recent studies showed that noradrenaline,

• Human epidermal growth factor receptor HER neu also known

  2022-02-08

  

  Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu, also known as CerbB-2, or ERBB-2) is a proto-oncogene located on chromosome 17q21, which encodes a transmembrane protein with tyrosine kinase activity, and belongs to the HER receptor family (EGFR, named also HER1, HER3, and HER4) [6]. HER2 is invo

• br Materials and methods br Results

  2022-02-08

  

  Materials and methods Results Discussion Both EMT of the tubular epithelial MJ33 lithium salt synthesis and the activation of fibroblasts are critical factors in the pathogenesis and progression of renal interstitial fibrosis. Accumulating evidence implicates EMT in the onset and pathogenes

• The occurrence of naturally HCV NS

  2022-02-08

  

  The occurrence of naturally HCV NS3 resistance-associated substitutions (RAS) affects virological outcome of DAA-based combination therapies [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19]. For the majority of NS3 protease inhibitors the frequency of natural occurrence of single RASs in HCV genotype 1-infected p

• br Rho protein networks in

  2022-02-08

  

  Rho protein networks in malignancy It has long been recognized that Rho activity and expression are frequently elevated in tumors (Fritz et al., 1999, Orgaz et al., 2014). In this chapter we will introduce the most prominent Rho proteins, their regulators and effectors and provide an overview of

• Antibiotic treatment suggests that cancer promoting

  2022-02-07

  

  Antibiotic treatment suggests that cancer-promoting bacteria arise from the Isochlorogenic acid B of Grp109a mice. How does the lack of Gpr109a signaling lead to expansion of potentially cancer-promoting bacteria? Is this phenomenon related to improper development of intestinal Treg cells? Biome wi

• Congenital Gcgr mice exhibit increased hepatic Fgf expressio

  2022-02-07

  

  Congenital Gcgr mice exhibit increased hepatic Fgf21 expression and circulating FGF21 levels. Previous studies by other investigators demonstrated that neutralization of circulating FGF21 with specific JDTic 2HCl impairs glucose control in these mice [6]. In addition, the FGF21 analog LY2405319 lowe

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